References

Why these six belong together

• Csecs J, Eccles G et al. (2022). Joint hypermobility links neurodivergence to dysautonomia and pain. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8847158
• Overgeneral memory, rumination and executive control (CaR-FA-X). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5880861; rumination and overgeneral memory predicting later symptoms in adolescents, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-014-0090-2
• Voon V et al. (2014). Waiting impulsivity on the human four-choice serial reaction time task. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988556
• Schweizer S et al. (2013). Emotional working-memory training and emotion regulation. J Neurosci. jneurosci.org/content/33/12/5301
• Injury and vigilance in attention/impulsivity profiles. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054713518237
• Self-awareness gap in adolescents with executive-function deficits. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9139761
• Interoception and emotion regulation in 8–17-year-olds. econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1026/0942-5403/a000491

What does not work

• Melby-Lervåg M, Redick TS & Hulme C (2016). Working memory training does not improve far-transfer measures. Perspectives on Psychological Science. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691616635612
• Sala G & Gobet F (2017). Working memory training in typically developing children. Developmental Psychology. livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006842
• Sala G et al. (2019). Near and far transfer: a second-order meta-analysis. Collabra. online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/5/1/18
• Kassai R et al. (2019). Near- and far-transfer among children's executive function skills. Psychological Bulletin. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30652908
• Cortese S et al. (2015). Cognitive training with blinded outcomes. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25721181; Westwood SJ et al. (2023), Molecular Psychiatry. nature.com/articles/s41380-023-02000-7
• Dovis S et al. (2015). Braingame Brian: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. PLOS One. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0121651
• Simons DJ et al. (2016). Do "brain-training" programs work? PSPI. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100616661983
• Kuyken W et al. (2022). MYRIAD pupil outcomes. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820992; Montero-Marin J et al. (2022), analysis of who benefited and who did not, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820993
• Dunning D et al. (2019, 2022). Mindfulness-based interventions in children and adolescents. 2019 review; 2022 updated review. The 2024 reanalysis concerns the Dunning review, not the MYRIAD trial alone.
• Sicouri G et al. (2024). Cognitive bias modification in children and adolescents. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38486951
• May R et al. (2022). SMART systematic review and meta-analysis. BJET. bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjet.13192; McLoughlin S, Tyndall I & Pereira A (2020), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10864-020-09399-x; Meijer et al. (2026), online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/12/1/158603
• Funk J et al. (2025). RETHINK self-help app prevention trial. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39837216. Edge D et al. (2024). MyMoodCoach self-help app trial, mhealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e51932
• Adolescent engagement with a multicomponent mHealth tool (#LIFEGOALS). JMIR mHealth 2025. mhealth.jmir.org/2025/1/e59041

What actually transfers

• Gawrilow C & Gollwitzer PM (2008). Implementation intentions facilitate response inhibition. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10608-007-9150-1; Gawrilow, Gollwitzer & Oettingen (2011), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10608-010-9309-z
• Topper M, Emmelkamp P, Watkins E & Ehring T (2017). Prevention by targeting worry and rumination. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28049069
• Watkins E et al. (2012). Guided self-help concreteness training RCT. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22085757; abstract vs concrete processing in young adolescents, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7618692
• Barry T, Sze WY & Raes F (2019). Memory specificity training meta-analysis. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5892288; c-MeST youth adjunct RCT (2024), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38663556
• Madore KP, Addis DR & Schacter DL (2015). Episodic specificity induction and divergent thinking. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26205963; ESI and problem solving, link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13421-017-0706-3
• Cognitively engaging physical activity and executive function (2024). frontiersin.org/…/fpsyg.2024.1454447; acute and chronic exercise meta-analysis (2020), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7773601
• Goal Management Training after brain injury, five-year follow-up (2026). tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699052.2026.2617465

Pause

• Verbruggen F et al. (2019). A consensus guide to the stop-signal task. eLife. elifesciences.org/articles/46323
• Optimal go/no-go ratios (2018). link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-017-0923-5; shorter inter-stimulus intervals (2021), onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjop.12679
• Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders in adolescents (2023). frontiersin.org/…/fpsyg.2023.1149053; what makes Simon Says difficult (2014), sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002209651400068X
• Reduced error recognition explains post-error slowing differences (2022). ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8935138
• Following spoken instructions in school-aged children and young adults (2026). tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15248372.2026.2649214
• Meyer KN et al. (2020). Computer-based inhibitory control training. PLOS One. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0241352

Notice

• Gates JA, Kang E & Lerner MD (2017). Group social skills interventions: meta-analysis. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28130983
• PEERS meta-analyses: 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-021-04885-1; 2025, sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876201825000656; Italy RCT 2024, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11802708
• Leaf JB et al. on Social Thinking. autismpartnershipfoundation.org/article/social-thinking-…
• MASC in adolescents. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19961126; TASIT-S adolescent norms, tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13854046.2017.1400106
• Facial emotion training meta-analysis (2021). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34286900; transdiagnostic (2025), pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12239550
• Turn-taking universals, ~200 ms gaps. PNAS. pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0903616106; voice-activity projection models, arxiv.org/pdf/2209.05161
• Change blindness in social scenes. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10503233
• SCIT adolescent pilot. researchgate.net/publication/268145120

Connect

• Bowden EM & Jung-Beeman M. Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03195543.pdf
• Systematic review of reasoning training in children and adolescents (2021). sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211949321000053
• Schroeder NL et al. (2018). Concept maps meta-analysis. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-017-9403-9
• Creativity training meta-analytic review. eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/209749; Organisciak P et al., LLM scoring of divergent thinking, sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871187123001256
• Verbal fluency reliability and practice effects. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38360587
• Test of Relational Reasoning calibration. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7492651

Recall

• AMT psychometrics in 5,792 teenagers. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3379787
• MeST vs psychoeducation cluster trial. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5937852; Pile V et al. (2021) IMAGINE feasibility RCT, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34098409
• Retrieval practice in school children. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786565
• Method of loci feasibility in youth. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21622965.2022.2141120
• Attention Training Technique in stressed students, RCT. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6635479
• Overgeneral memory predicts course of low mood: meta-analysis. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20399418

Settle

• Goessl VC et al. (2017). HRV biofeedback and stress/anxiety: meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478782; Lehrer P et al. (2020), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32385728
• Dormal V et al. (2021). HRV biofeedback in children and adolescents. JCPP. acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.13463; remote delivery meta-analysis (2025), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10484-025-09750-w
• Balban MY et al. (2023). Brief structured respiration practices. Cell Reports Medicine. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36630953
• Van Diest I et al. (2014). Breathing at 5.5 per minute and HRV. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876013003346; resonance frequency is not always stable (2021), nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87867-8
• Pozuelos JP et al. (2019). Short-term mindful breath awareness training. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612318301584; brief mindfulness and inhibitory control (2023), online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/9/1/90219
• Quadt L, Critchley H et al. (2021). ADIE interoception training RCT. eClinicalMedicine. thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00322-9
• Zamariola G et al. (2018). Heartbeat counting is confounded. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301051118303739; Legrand N et al. (2022) heart rate discrimination task, sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051121002325
• Interoception under orthostatic challenge. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10286-017-0423-9
• Cardiac biofeedback games: proof-of-concept RCT. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440816
• Active components in digital sleep interventions for adolescents (2025). npj Digital Medicine. nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02152-6
• Water provision and cognition: RCT. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780815

Balance

• Motor-based intervention meta-analysis of RCTs (2025). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12106291; Cochrane task-oriented summary, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dmcn.14432
• Exergame meta-analysis. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12607113; head-to-head against neuromotor task training, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23747936
• Neuromuscular training injury dose-response. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5694483
• Dual-task scoping review. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691822000130
• MediaPipe Pose validity. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024160082; smartphone sway validity, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7750873

Measuring and claiming

• Hedge C, Powell G & Sumner P (2018). The reliability paradox. Behavior Research Methods. link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1
• Enkavi AZ et al. (2019). Test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures. PNAS. pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818430116
• Rouder JN & Haaf JM (2019). A psychometrics of individual differences in experimental tasks. link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13423-018-1558-y
• NIH Toolbox test–retest and reliable change (2024). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11345114; three-year youth study (2021), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8589010
• BRIEF-2 publisher page. parinc.com/products/BRIEF-2; psychometrics across informants (2025), tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09297049.2025.2579225
• FTC (2016). Lumosity to pay $2 million to settle deceptive advertising charges. ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-…
• Kollins SH et al. (2020). STARS-ADHD trial of AKL-T01. Lancet Digital Health. thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(20)30017-0; FDA De Novo DEN200026, accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/DEN200026.pdf
• Badillo-Urquiola K, Wisniewski P et al. (2020). Beyond parental control. J Adolescent Research. journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0743558419884692
• California Age-Appropriate Design Code, Ninth Circuit ruling (March 2026). hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2026/03/ninth-circuit-…